A team of materials scientists and engineers from several Chinese institutions has identified metal fatigue in the anode as a primary factor in the degradation of solid-state lithium batteries over time. Their findings, published in the journal Science, reveal how repeated charging cycles cause structural damage that leads to dendrite formation and battery failure.

Solid-state lithium batteries have long been viewed as a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries, offering improved safety and higher energy density. However, their commercial viability has been limited by their relatively short lifespan. One of the main culprits behind this issue is the growth of dendrites—needle-like lithium structures that can pierce through components and cause short circuits.

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To better understand the origins of this problem, the research team combined phase-field simulations with scanning electron microscopy to observe the internal changes occurring within the battery during its charge and discharge cycles.

They found that the repeated expansion and contraction of lithium in the anode during these cycles leads to metal fatigue. This fatigue results in the formation of microvoids and cracks at the interface between the anode and the solid-state electrolyte. These defects create ideal conditions for dendrite growth, which accelerates battery degradation—even under low current densities.

The team further noted that the fatigue behavior they observed follows the Coffin-Manson law, a well-established model describing low-cycle fatigue. This discovery suggests that the failure mechanism is predictable and intrinsic to the battery's design, offering a potential pathway for developing solutions.

By targeting the mechanical stresses that lead to metal fatigue, researchers may be able to engineer more durable anodes and interfaces, ultimately improving the longevity and reliability of solid-state lithium batteries.