A team led by Professor Wang Mingtai at the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has developed a precise method to grow titanium dioxide nanorod arrays (TiO2-NA) with adjustable spacing, while keeping the size of each rod unchanged. Their work, published in Small Methods, demonstrates the approach’s effectiveness in enhancing solar cell performance and offers new possibilities for nanostructure design in clean energy and optoelectronics.

Single-crystalline TiO2 nanorods are known for their excellent light absorption and charge conduction properties, making them ideal for applications such as solar cells, sensors, and photocatalysis. However, traditional fabrication techniques have made it difficult to change the spacing between nanorods without also altering their diameter and length—factors that can negatively impact device performance.

In this study, the researchers found that by extending the hydrolysis phase of a precursor film, longer gel-like chains formed smaller anatase nanoparticles. During hydrothermal treatment, these anatase particles converted into rutile seeds, initiating nanorod growth. This process allowed the team to control the spacing—or density—of the nanorods without changing their dimensions.

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Using this method, they created TiO2 nanorod films that maintained consistent rod diameter and height, even as the number of rods per unit area varied. When integrated into low-temperature CuInS₂ solar cells, these films achieved power conversion efficiencies exceeding 10%, with a peak efficiency of 10.44%.

To better understand the importance of nanorod spacing, the team proposed a Volume-Surface-Density (VSD) model. This model explains how rod density affects light absorption, charge separation, and carrier collection—all key to solar cell efficiency.

By decoupling structural parameters and providing a framework that links fabrication techniques to device optimization, this research marks a significant advancement in nanomaterial engineering. The approach opens new paths for designing high-performance materials in renewable energy and electronics.